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Principles of copy righting

The principles of copyrighting (more precisely, copyright law) refer to the foundational ideas that govern how original works of authorship are protected legally. These principles are meant to balance the rights of creators with the public’s interest in accessing and using creative works.

Here are the key principles of copyright:

1. Originality

  • The work must be original — created independently by the author and not copied.

  • It should involve a minimal degree of creativity (not necessarily novelty or uniqueness).

2. Fixation in a Tangible Medium

  • The work must be fixed in a tangible form — written, recorded, filmed, typed, etc.

  • Ideas alone are not protected; only their expressed form is protected.

3. Authorship and Ownership

  • The person who creates the work is the copyright owner, unless it's a "work for hire".

  • Rights can be transferred or licensed to others.

4. Exclusive Rights

Under copyright, creators have the exclusive rights to:

  • Reproduce the work

  • Distribute copies

  • Perform or display the work publicly

  • Make derivative works (like adaptations or remixes)

5. Limited Duration

  • Copyright protection is not forever. For most works, it's the life of the author + 60 years (in India).

  • After expiration, the work enters the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

6. Fair Use / Fair Dealing

  • Certain uses of copyrighted material are allowed without permission, such as:

    • Research or private study

    • Criticism or review

    • Reporting news

    • Teaching and education

  • This is known as fair dealing in India (similar to fair use in the US).

7. Moral Rights

  • Authors have the right to:

    • Be identified as the author (right of attribution)

    • Object to distortion or misuse of their work (right of integrity)

  • These are personal rights that exist even after transferring copyright.

8. No Registration Required

  • Copyright is automatic upon creation and fixation.

  • Registration (in India) is optional but helpful as legal evidence in disputes.

9. Infringement and Remedies

  • Unauthorized use of copyrighted material is called infringement.

  • Remedies include injunctions, damages, criminal penalties, or seizure of infringing copies.

10. International Protection

  • Through international treaties like the Berne Convention, copyright is respected in most countries.

  • A work created in one country is protected in many others that are signatories.

 

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